ºÚÁϳԹÏÍø

HomePsychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journalvol. 13 no. 2 (2023)

Psychological Well-Being as Correlates to Relapse Risk Among People with Stimulant Use Disorders: Basis for After-Care Program

Precious Gail Sta. Isabel | Maria Veronica Felipe

Discipline: Education

 

Abstract:

Considering the chronic nature of drug addiction, it is common for recovered drug patients to relapse, or go back to using drugs after a period of sobriety most especially if they are not properly equipped with skills and tools to maintain sobriety. This paper responds to this challenge by investigating the correlation between psychological well-being and relapse risk among people in recovery from stimulant use disorders to be able to come up with an after-care program aiming to prevent relapse among them. The study utilized Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Scale and Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS) to measure the variables. The study included 154 respondents from various drug treatment centers in the country who were recruited and selected through snowball and purposive sampling methods. The results of the study showed that the respondents’ scores fell within the average level in all dimensions of psychological well-being. For the relapse risk, the respondents had moderate risk in all of the dimensions aside from compulsivity for the drug in which they had a high risk. Pearson-r correlation analysis showed that psychological well-being and relapse risk have a moderate negative correlation with r = -.405 signifying that as psychological wellbeing increases, relapse risk decreases, or vice versa.



References:

  1. Abramson, A. (2021). Substance use during the pandemic. American Psychological Association. 52(2), 55.
  2. Ackermann, K. (2022). Warning Signs of Relapse: Depression, Stress, and Other Triggers. American Addiction Centers.
  3. Adams, K. A., & McGuire, E. K. (2022). Research Methods, Statistics, and Applications.3rd ed. SAGE Publications Inc.
  4. American Addiction Centers. (2020). Autonomy in Addiction Recovery.
  5. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  6. Arranza, J.L. (2017). Drug users must be penalized like pushers, unless they are minors. Business Mirror.
  7. Aspenridge Recovery (2021). Why is Drug Education Important?. https://
  8. Asumbrado, R. R. & Canoy, N. A. (2021) A critical narrative inquiry to understand relapse among Filipino methamphetamine polydrug users in low-income communities, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 28:3, 286-295, DOI: 10.1080/09687637.2020.1783204
  9. Bano, Z., Naz, I., Leghari, N., & Ahmed, I. (2019). Psychological well-being of substance use patient: Role of religious therapy as the treatment. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 35(5), 1376–1381.
  10. Bayba, M. (2022). How Effective is Rehab? Addiction Group.    
  11. Bukoye, R. O. (2017) Academic Stress and Drug Abuse as Factors Inhibiting Psychological Well-Being Among Undergraduates: It’s Counselling Implications. European Scientific Journal. 13(8).
  12. Calleja, M. T., Jocson, R. M., Acosta, A. C., Ocampo, M. T. W., Bertulfo, D. J. M., & Hechanova, M. R. M. (2020). Examining the Impact of Community-Based Behavioral Drug Treatment: A Case Study from the Philippines. The Journal of Behavioral Science. 15(2), 1–15.
  13. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018) Well-being Concepts.
  14. Crossman, A. (2020). Understanding Purposive Sampling.
  15. Dangerous Drugs Board (2018). 2018 Statistics.
  16. Dangerous Drugs Board (2019). 2019 Statistics.
  17. Department of Health (2020). Community-Based Treatment and Rehabilitation Resources.
  18. Department of Health (2021). DOH Accredited Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers.
  19. De-Juanas, Á., Romero, T. B., & Goig, R (2020) The Relationship Between Psychological Well-Being and Autonomy in Young People According to Age. Front. Psychol. 11:559976. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.559976
  20. Dhankar A., Kaur N., Majumdar O.& Grover S. (2021).Role of Self-Efficacy in Dealing with Drug Use. International Journal of Indian Psychology. 9(1), 1493- 1505. DIP:18.01.157/20210901, DOI:10.25215/0901.157
  21. Diener, E. (2022). Happiness: The Science of Subjective Well-Being. In R. Biswas- Diener & E. Diener (Eds), Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers.
  22. Disabato, D. J., Goodman, F. R., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2021). A hierarchical framework for the measurement of well-being.
  23. Elsevier. (2021). Addiction relapse driven by drug-seeking habit, not just drug.
  24. ScienceDaily.
  25. Eudaimonia Recovery Homes (2018) How to Improve Self-Efficacy in Addiction Recovery.
  26. Fort Behavioral Health (2020). 7 Ways to Handle a Drug or Alcohol Craving.
  27. Frey, B. (2018). The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (Vols. 1-4). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. doi: 10.4135/9781506326139
  28. Gao, J., and McLellan, R. (2018) Using Ryff’s scales of psychological well-being in adolescents in mainland China. BMC Psychol 6, 17.
  29. Gibbon, P. (2020). Martin Seligman and the Rise of Positive Psychology. Humanities, Summer. 41(3).
  30. Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L. B. (2018). Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences.
  31. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
  32. Gray C. and Argaez C. (2019). Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorder: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.
  33. Foulkes, L., et. al. (2018). Age differences in the prosocial influence effect. Wiley Online Library. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12666 6(21).
  34. Harada, T., Baba, T., Shirasaka, T. et al. (2021). Evaluation of the Intensive Treatment and Rehabilitation Program for Residential Treatment and Rehabilitation Centers (INTREPRET) in the Philippines: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Trials. 22(909).
  35. Hardey, S., Thomas, S., Stein, S., Kelley, R., & Ackerman, K. (2022). Addiction Relapse: Risk Factors, Coping & Treatment Options. American Addiction Centers.
  36. Hartney, E. (2020). DSM 5 Criteria for Substance Use Disorders. Verywell Mind.
  37. Haryadi, R., Handayani, E. S., Hayati, S. A., (2020). Psychological well-being of ex-drug addicted counselee in post-rehabilitation education. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan & Konseling 6(1), 01-07.
  38. Heather, N. (2017). Is the concept of compulsion useful in the explanation or description of addictive behaviour and experience?. Science Direct. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.05.002. 6, 15-38
  39. Hechanova, M. R. M., Alianan, A. S., Calleja, M. T., Melgar, I. E., Acosta, A., Villasanta, A., Bunagan, K., Yusay, C., Ang, A., Flores, J., Canoy, N., Espina, E., Gomez, G. A., Hinckley, E. S., Tuliao, A. P., & Cue, M. P. (2018). The Development of a Community-Based Drug Intervention for Filipino Drug Users. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology.
  40. Hendianti, G.N. and Uthis, P. (2018), "Factors related to methamphetamine relapse risk among clients in the substance rehabilitation center of National Narcotics Board in West Java, Indonesia", Journal of Health Research, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-05-2018-035
  41. Hillard, J. (2019). Meth Addiction And Abuse. Addiction Center.
  42. Howard, C. (2020). The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction. Ethos Recovery.
  43. Hudson, H. (2020). COVID-19 Is Causing People To Relapse. Addiction Center.
  44. Joshanloo, M. (2019). Lay Conceptions of Happiness: Associations with Reported Well- Being, Personality Traits, and Materialism. Frontiers in Psychology. 10:2337. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02377.
  45. Juergens, J. (2021). Getting Back On the Road to Recovery. Addiction Center. https://
  46. Kang, S.K., Kim, H. J., & Shin, S. (2019) A Qualitative Case Study on Recovery and Personal Growth in Korean Drug Addicts. Journal of Social Service Research. 44
  47. (3).
  48. Lai, R., Sekri, R., & Singh, J. (2019). A Comparative Study of Depression, Stress, and Happiness among DrugAddicts and Non-Drug Addicts. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy. 10:4.
  49. Lancaster, V. (2021). What Exactly Is the Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction?
  50. Psychology Today.
  51. Lazaro, R. T. (2020). Integrating health promotion and wellness into neurorehabilitation.
  52. Science Direct.
  53. López, M. G., Viejo, C., & Ruiz, R. O. (2019). Psychological Well-Being during adolescence: Stability and association with romantic relationships. Front. Psychol. 10:1772. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01772
  54. Lozano, B., & Stephens, R. (2010). Comparison of participatively set and assigned goals in the reduction of alcohol use. Psychology of addictive behaviors. Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors. 24(4), 581-91.
  55. Marquez, C. (2019). Makati sees 80% relapse rate among drug users in rehab.
  56. Inquirer.Net.
  57. McQuaid, R. J., Jesseman, R., & Rush, B. (2018). Examining Barriers as Risk Factors for Relapse: A focus on the Canadian Treatment and Recovery System of Care. The Canadian Journal of Addiction, 9(3), 5–12.
  58. Melemis S. M. (2021). The 5 Rules of Recovery. Addictions and Recovery.
  59. Monarch Shores (n.d.). Finding Purpose in Life.
  60. Morin, A. (2020). How to Improve Your Psychological Well-Being. Verywell Mind.
  61. Murphy, E. (2022). Addiction vs. Compulsion. Recovered. https://recovered.org/addictio n/addiction-vs-compulsion
  62. Murray, K. (2018). Healthy Relationships. Addiction Center.
  63. National Institute for Drug Abuse. (2020). Drugs, Brains, and Behavior: The Science of Addiction Treatment and Recovery.
  64. Narra, C. V. Ed.). (2021). Substance Abuse Beat. Department of Health. Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and Treatment Program, 14–53.
  65. NIDA. (2020). Drug Misuse and Addiction. .
  66. Ogai, Y., Haraguchi, A., Kondo, A., Ishibashi, Y., Umeno, M., Kikumoto, H., Hori, T., Komiyama, T., Kato,R., Aso, K., Asukai, N., Senoo, E., and Ikeda, K. (2007).
  67. Development and validation of Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale for drug abusers in Japan. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 88, 174-171.
  68. Opree, S. J., Buijzen, M., & Reijmersdal, E. A. V. (2018). Development and Validation of the Psychological Well-Being Scale for Children (PWB-c). Societies 8, 18–23.doi: 10.3390/soc8010018
  69. Pettersen, H., Landheim, A., Skeie, I., Biong, S., Brodahl, M., Oute, J., & Davidson, L. (2019). How Social Relationships Influence Substance Use Disorder Recovery: A Collaborative Narrative Study. Substance abuse : research and treatment, 13, 1178221819833379.
  70. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. (n.d.). FACTS ABOUT DRUGS. https://pdea.gov.ph/drug-trends/facts-about-drugs#shabu
  71. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. (n.d.). The Philippine Drug Situation.
  72. Pickard, H. (2020). Addiction and the self. Willey Online Library.
  73. Rehman, S., and Rauf, K. (2021). PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING OF ADULT SUBSTANCE USERS AND NON USERS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY.
  74. Robinson, L., Smith, M., & Segal, J. (2021) Dual Diagnosis: Substance Abuse and Mental Health.
  75. Ryff, C. D., Almeida, D. M., Ayanian, J. S., Carr, D. S., Cleary, P. D., Coe, C., Williams,
  76. D. (2010). National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS II), 2004-2006: Documentation of psychosocial constructs and composite variables in MIDUS II Project 1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.
  77. Ryff, C. D. (2014). Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advanced in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia. Psychoterapy and Psychosmoatics, 83 (1), 10-28
  78. Sabri, F., & Jencius, M. (2020). PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF DRUG ADDICTS IN PREDICTING TREATMENT OUTCOMES. Humanities & Social
  79. Sciences Reviews, 8(3), 400-406. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020. 8343
  80. Sahar, Namood & Naqvi, Irum. (2019). Role of Personal Growth Initiative in Relapse Prevention Among Drug Addicts. Research Gate.
  81. Santibáñez, R., Solabarrieta, J., & Narezo, M. R. (2020). School Well-Being and Drug Use in Adolescence. Frontiers in Psychology. 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg. 2020.01668
  82. Sharma, A., & Sharma, R. (2018). Internet addiction and psychological well-being among college students: A cross-sectional study from Central India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 7(1), 147–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/jf mpc.jfmpc_189_17
  83. Simbulan, N., Estacio, L., Dioquino-Maligaso, C., Herbosa, T., & Withers, M. (2019). The Manila Declaration on the Drug Problem in the Philippines. Annals of global health, 85(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.28
  84. Skewes , M. C., & Gonzales, V. M. (n.d.). The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction. https://is.muni.cz/el/1423/jaro2018/PSY109/um/68207459/Biopsychosocial_Model_of_Addiction_Miller_P  2013  Principles_of_Addiction.pdf
  85. Smith, R. J., & Laiks, L. S. (2018). Behavioral and neural mechanisms underlying habitual and compulsive drug seeking. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry, 87(Pt A), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.09.003
  86. Statista. (2021). Total number of surrenders involved in drug-related crimes in the Philippines in 2018, by region.
  87. Stoddard, S. A., Pierce, J., Hurd, N. M., Bauermeister, J. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2019). Purpose and mastery as predictors of perceived health and substance use problems. Journal of community psychology, 47(6), 1514–1529.
  88. Thompson, B. M., Bevins, R. A., Murray, J. E. (2019). Interoceptive Stimulus Effects of Drugs of Abuse. Neural Mechanisms of Addiction Academic Press. 89-101. .
  89. UK rehab (n.d.). The Importance of Developing Self-Acceptance when Recovering from Addiction.
  90. Villarosa, J. & Ganotice, F. (2018). Construct Validation of Ryff's Psychological Well- being Scale: Evidence From Filipino Teachers in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Psychology. 51. 10.31710/pjp/0051.01.01.
  91. Watkins, M. (2022). Drug Relapse. American Addiction Centers. Retrieved February 10, 2022 from
  92. World Health Organization (2021). Voluntary care model for persons who use drugs resulted in over 90% completion for treatment rate. Retrieved March 22, 2022 from
  93. Yamada, C., & Ophinni, Y. (2022) Psychotherapy co-provision by peers and healthcare workers for substance use disorders in Indonesia. Japan ASEAN Transdisciplinary Studies Working Paper Series No.16. https://japan-asean.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp/wp- content/uploads/2022/03/WP_16.pdf 
  94. Yamashita, A., Yoshioka, S. I., & Yajima, Y. (2021). Resilience and related factors as predictors of relapse risk in patients with substance use disorder: a cross-sectional study. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 16(1), 40.
  95. Yan, F., Costello, M., & Allen, J. (2020). Self-Perception and Relative Increases in Substance Use Problems in Early Adulthood. Journal of drug issues, 50(4), 538–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042620941812
  96. Zeng, X., Lu, M. & Chen, M. (2021). The relationship between family intimacy and relapse tendency among people who use drugs: a moderated mediation model. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 16, 48.